Regions of functional contacts between neurons (synapses) have distinct morphological characteristics. This type of membrane can be found lining portions of the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts. Tissues are organized into four broad categories based on structural and functional similarities. 18. gross domestic product GDP 2567 growth poles proliferation 256 Hamilton. As cell proliferation progresses, three major cell lines are established within the embryo. Chapter 3 PowerPoint. Nucleus and Endomembrane System. Endoplasmic reticulum is a labyrinthine, membrane bounded compartment in the cytoplasm where lipids are synthesized and membrane bound proteins are made. Chapter 13 - Anatomy of the Nervous System. Chapter 3 cells and tissues answer key page 50. The most MAPs in an axon have a lower molecular weight than those in the dendrite. These categories are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Students should be able to describe neurons and glia, their morphological components as seen with the light and electron microscope, and some of the fundamental functional roles these cell types play in the nervous system. More recent evidence indicates that the astrocytes can dramatically change size as part of their physiological regulation of the neuronal environment.
After studying this chapter, you will be able to: - Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane, including its regulation of materials into and out of the cell. Embedded within the neuronal cytoplasm are the organelles common to other cells, the nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, endosomes, and peroxisomes. These cilia move cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles.
Muscle tissue, which responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement, is divided into three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscles, smooth muscles, and the cardiac muscle in the heart. Chapter 3 cells and tissues answer key.com. Microglial nuclei are elongated or triangular and stain deeply with alkaline dyes. Macrophages appear in the CNS following injury and work together with the CNS glial cells to phagocytize CNS debris. The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by scientist Robert Hooke in 1665.
Also, the oligodendrocyte forming a particular myelin internode (i. the myelin between two nodes) is seldom seen directly adjacent to the myelin-wrapped process. This region is shown in Figure 8. Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization - Anatomy & Physiology OER - LibGuides at Georgia Highlands College. The processes may be large or very fine, sometimes forming sheets that run between axons and dendrites, and may even surround synapses. A number of conventions have evolved to classify and name neurons. A fourth serous membrane, the peritoneum, lines the peritoneal cavity, covering the abdominal organs and forming double sheets of mesenteries that suspend many of the digestive organs. During development, they form scaffolding along which nerve cells migrate to achieve their mature structure.
Anatomy & Physiology 2. Membrane Transport Transcript. The nerve ending often has aggregations of dense material in the cytoplasm immediately adjacent to the membrane on the pre- and postsynaptic side of the junction (these are known as presynaptic density or postsynaptic density, respectively. ) They contain some enzymes that either produce or degrade hydrogen peroxide. The nucleus of a protoplasmic astrocyte is ellipsoid or bean-shaped with characteristic flecks of chromatin. The interior of the soma consists of cytoplasm, a gel within a microtrabecular lattice formed by the microtubules and associated proteins that make up the cytoskeleton.
With their long winding appendages, nerve cells can communicate with one another and with other types of body cells and send rapid signals that inform the organism about its environment and allow it to interact with that environment. C. Fibrous astrocytes. Aggregations of cells in the human body be classified into four types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. In light microscopic preparations, the appearance of Nissl substance varies in different types of neurons. This dense material on the presynaptic side is thought to be the site of vesicle attachment. Link to website showing tissue sample of multinucleated muscle cells. These tiny fluid-filled sacs house components responsible for the thousands of biochemical reactions necessary for an organism to grow and survive. The macroglia are of ectodermal origin and consist of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells. In a chemical synapse the signal is carried by a diffusable neurotransmitter. A cutaneous membrane is a multi-layered membrane composed of epithelial and connective tissues. The classical view of the dendrite is that of an unmyelinated tube of cytoplasm which carries information toward the cell body.
The axon in the nodal region usually contains concentrations of organelles, especially mitochondria. The cells composing a tissue share a common embryonic origin. In addition to these general functions, astrocytes also act in more specialized ways to facilitate neuron function. All cells and tissues in the body derive from three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Chapter 11 - The Muscular System. 5 (see enlarged view). Fibrous astrocytes are found primarily in white matter, have a smoother cell body contour than do protoplasmic astrocytes as seen with glial-specific stains, and have processes that tend to emerge from the cell body radially. As will be described later, they also serve as vesicles for reverse transport from axon terminals to the soma.
As described in Chapter 6, it also acts as a receptive area for synaptic inputs from other cells. Many of these cell inclusions are responsible for the expression of genetic information controlling the synthesis of cellular proteins involved in energy production, growth, and replacement of materials lost by attrition. The nuclear membrane of neurons is like that of other cells - a double membrane punctuated by pores (nuclear pores) which are involved in nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. Receptors, ion channels, and other signaling molecules are likely bound to this material. Pancreatic Cells' Enzyme Products.
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