Directions: Watch the video Energy Consumption: An Overview for a look at the different cellular processes responsible for generating and consuming energy. Citric Acid Production Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters the matrix, the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion. Because the ions involved are H+, a pH gradient is also established, with the side of the membrane having the higher concentration of H+ being more acidic. Biology 2010 Student Edition Chapter 9, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - 9.2 - The Process of Cellular Respiration - 9.2 Assessment - Page 260 4a | GradeSaver. The four major classes of electron carriers involved in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic electron transport systems are the cytochromes, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, and the quinones.
Pages 12 to 22 are not shown in this preview. These carriers can pass electrons along in the ETS because of their redox potential. This 22 slide PowerPoint presentation covers 8 questions on the topic of cellular respiration. Denitrifiers are important soil bacteria that use nitrate and nitrite as final electron acceptors, producing nitrogen gas (N2). 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key strokes. Overall, the theoretical maximum yield of ATP made during the complete aerobic respiration of glucose is 38 molecules, with four being made by substrate-level phosphorylation and 34 being made by oxidative phosphorylation (Figure 8. Along the way, ATP (energy for cells) is produced. Directions: Watch Glycolysis: An Overview to see how glucose is broken down during the process of glycolysis.
These nutrients enter your cells and are converted into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP). In prokaryotic cells, H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. For a protein or chemical to accept electrons, it must have a more positive redox potential than the electron donor. At this point, try not to worry about the names of compounds or the details of the processes shown. Two molecules of CO2 are released. Electron Transport Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space. Energy Totals The cell can generate ATP from just about any source, even though we've modeled it using only glucose. This electron carrier, cytochrome oxidase, differs between bacterial types and can be used to differentiate closely related bacteria for diagnoses. Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key examples. This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose.
The energy of the electrons is harvested to generate an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA. This electrochemical gradient formed by the accumulation of H+ (also known as a proton) on one side of the membrane compared with the other is referred to as the proton motive force (PMF). These ATP molecules come from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. Citric Acid Production Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid. A large amount of ATP is generated during this stage — 32 ATP molecules to be exact! 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key pdf. If you are like most people, you feel sluggish, a little dizzy, and weak. Cellular Respiration Summary. The remaining 64 percent is released as heat. The number of ATP molecules generated from the catabolism of glucose varies. However, anaerobic respirers use altered ETS carriers encoded by their genomes, including distinct complexes for electron transfer to their final electron acceptors. Glycolysis is the first set of reactions that occur during cellular respiration.
You're Reading a Free Preview. We have just discussed two pathways in glucose catabolism—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—that generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. For example, the gram-negative opportunist Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-negative cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae use cytochrome c oxidase, which can be detected by the oxidase test, whereas other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, like E. coli, are negative for this test because they produce different cytochrome oxidase types. All in all, the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose yields 36 molecules of ATP. Describe the function and location of ATP synthase in a prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cell. Energy Extraction Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured in the forms of ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
Reward Your Curiosity. However, it usually results in the production of 36 ATP molecules. Great for middle school or introductory high school courses. Can be used with Cornell notes.
The tendency for movement in this way is much like water accumulated on one side of a dam, moving through the dam when opened. Cellular respiration begins when electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2—made in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle—through a series of chemical reactions to a final inorganic electron acceptor (either oxygen in aerobic respiration or non-oxygen inorganic molecules in anaerobic respiration). Therefore, for each glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle.. Electron Transport NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water.
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