Name: Date: Student Exploration: Plate Tectonics Vocabulary: collision boundary, convergent boundary, crust, divergent boundary, earthquake, lithosphere, mantle, plate, plate tectonics, transform. 3 Development of Plate Tectonic Theory. Wegener died in 1930 on an expedition in Greenland. What are earthquake waves? How subduction is initiated is still a matter of scientific debate. Student exploration plate tectonics answer key 2020. When the descending slab subducts at a low angle, there is more contact between the slab and the overlying continental plate than in a typical subduction zone.
Ductile materials are like soft plastics or putty, they move under force. James, D. E., Fouch, M. J., Carlson, R. W., and Roth, J. When a subducting slab becomes stuck and cannot descend, a massive amount of energy builds up between the stuck plates.
The theory of plate tectonics attributes the movement of massive sections of the Earth's outer layers with creating earthquakes, mountains, and volcanoes. Should the hotspot erupt again, scientists predict it will be another massive event. This paleomagnetic pattern provides a great historical record of ocean-floor movement, and is used to reconstruct past tectonic activity and determine rates of ridge spreading. One mechanism proposes that rifting happens because continental plates reflect the heat much better than oceanic plates. Crust, lithosphere and mantle. Miller, A. R., Densmore, C. D., Degens, E. T., Hathaway, J. C., Manheim, F. T., McFarlin, P. F., Pocklington, R., and Jokela, A., 1966, Hot brines and recent iron deposits in deeps of the Red Sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 30, no. A foreland basin is a feature that develops near mountain belts, as the combined mass of the mountains forms a depression in the lithospheric plate. Herak, D., and Herak, M., 2007, Andrija Mohorovičić (1857-1936)—On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his birth: Seismol. If the built-up energy between the plates is suddenly released, the result is an earthquake. Intensity and magnitude of earthquakes. Student exploration plate tectonics answer key quizlet. Scientists studying meteorites, which typically contain more iron than surface rocks, have proposed the earth was formed from meteoric material.
However, there are relationships between hotspots and plate tectonics. When a portion of the continental crust is driven down into the subduction zone, due to its buoyancy it returns to the surface relatively quickly. Height and mass data are displayed on tables and Moreabout Growing Plants. Student exploration plate tectonics answer key check unofficial. When a plate tectonic plate moves, the crust underneath it shifts, causing the crust on top of the plate to be pulled downward, causing that part of the crust to become less dense.
Johnston, S. T., Jane Wynne, P., Francis, D., Hart, C. R., Enkin, R. J., and Engebretson, D. C., 1996, Yellowstone in Yukon: The Late Cretaceous Carmacks Group: Geology, v. 24, no. Video by Tanya Atwater. 11, p. 2013JB010466. Most of what we know about the mantle comes from seismic wave analysis, though information is also gathered by studying ophiolites and xenoliths.
Using this information, Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp created the first detailed map of the ocean floor to reveal the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a basaltic mountain range that spanned the length of the Atlantic Ocean, with rock chemistry and dimensions unlike the mountains found on the continents. The Earth's crust is made up of three layers: the outer three-fifth (7-8 kilometers) crust; the inner two-fifths (4-5 kilometers) crust, including the mantle; and the deep interior (at depths of between 20 and 30 kilometers). The active volcanoes in Hawaii represent one of the most active hotspot sites on earth. Narrow rifts are characterized by a high density of highly active divergent boundaries. Current evidence seems to support slab pull more than ridge push or gravitational sliding. The nature of earthquakes. South America and Africa rift, forming the Atlantic. Gizmo of the Week: Plate Tectonics. One hypothesis is the bond holding the oceanic and continental plates together is stronger than the downward force created by the difference in plate densities. Because subduction-zone faults are located on the ocean floor, this massive amount of movement can generate giant tsunamis such as those that followed the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake in Japan. The crust is made up of several major types of rock (called lithospheres) of varying sizes, and there are several major geologic processes that can affect the crust.
When continental plates converge without subduction occurring, this process is called a collision. The shoulders of these grabens are called horsts. Davis, E. E., and Lister, C. R. B., 1974, Fundamentals of ridge crest topography: Earth Planet. These deep earthquake zones congregated in planes that started near the surface around ocean trenches and angled beneath the continents and island arcs. Sediment accumulation patterns also confirm the idea of sea-floor spreading. Scientists believe the earth's magnetic field is generated by the circulation of molten iron and nickel within the outer core. As the forces continue to build up, they create mountains in the restraining bend around the fault. In 1947 researchers started using an adaptation of SONAR to map a region in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean with poorly-understood topographic and thermal properties.
All subduction zones have a forearc basin, a feature of the overriding plate found between the volcanic arc and oceanic trench. Notable examples include the San Andreas Fault in California, the Northern and Eastern Anatolian Faults in Turkey, the Altyn Tagh Fault in central Asia, and the Alpine Fault in New Zealand. Eventually, as ocean basins close, continents join together to form a massive accumulation of continents called a supercontinent, a process that has taken place in ~500 million-year-old cycles over the earth's history. By 1963, Harry Hess and other scientists used these magnetic reversal patterns to support their model for seafloor spreading (see also Lawrence W. Morley). These super volcanic eruptions fill the earth's atmosphere with so much gas and ash, they block sunlight from reaching the earth. Our editors will review what you've submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Immense pressure keeps the minerals of the inner core in a solid phase. Regardless of how they are formed, dozens are on the Earth. These undersea rift volcanoes produce more lava than all other types of volcanism combined. Animation of India crashing into Asia, by Tanya Atwater. Terms in this set (12).
First postulated by J. Tuzo Wilson in 1963, a hotspot is an area in the lithospheric plate where molten magma breaks through and creates a volcanic center, islands in the ocean, and mountains on land. The outer core is the only entirely liquid layer within the Earth. Since its early inception in the 1950s and 1960s, geologists have been guided by this revolutionary perception of the world. Kearey, P., Klepeis, K. A., and Vine, F. J., 2009, Global Tectonics: Oxford; Chichester, West Sussex; Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Blackwell, 496 p. - Le Pichon, X., 1968, Sea-floor spreading and continental drift: J. Well-known examples of continental volcanic arcs are the Cascade Mountains in the Pacific Northwest and the western Andes Mountains in South America. 5 Transform Boundaries. If the extension activity is extensive and deep enough, a backarc basin can develop into a continental rifting zone. This chunk of isostatically buoyant lithosphere sits partially submerged and partially exposed on the asthenosphere, like an ice cube floating in a glass of water. Before this discovery, scientists believed life on earth could not exist without photosynthesis, a process that requires sunlight. Both oceanic and continental plates can contain volcanic arcs. Underneath the oceans, the Moho is found roughly 5 km below the ocean floor. Because at many places the Circum-Pacific Belt is associated with volcanic activity, it has been popularly dubbed the "Pacific Ring of Fire.
This resulted in a better fit than previous efforts that traced the existing coastlines. Measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in a test tube containing snails and elodea (a type of plant) in both light and dark conditions. The continental lithosphere is of lower density and thus more buoyant than the underlying asthenosphere. In this model, the descending oceanic slab does not slide directly under the overriding plate but instead rolls back, pulling the overlying plate seaward. An earthquake can cause damage to buildings and other structures near the earthquake's epicenter, but is generally not capable of killing the person or persons that are near an earthquake's point of origin. The denser plate subducts. Active margins are places where the oceanic and continental lithospheric tectonic plates meet and move relative to each other, such as the western coasts of North and South America. Instead of one plate descending beneath another, the two masses of continental lithosphere slam together in a process known as a collision. Birch, F., 1952, Elasticity and constitution of the Earth's interior: J. Geophys.
Lake Baikal in Russia is another. Scientists looking at seismic data first discovered this innermost chemical layer in 1906. Subduction zones are known for having the largest earthquakes and tsunamis; they are the only places with fault surfaces large enough to create magnitude-9 earthquakes. As mentioned in the section on paleomagnetism and the development of plate tectonic theory, scientists noticed mid-ocean ridges contained unique magnetic anomalies that show up as symmetrical striping on both sides of the ridge.
Oceanic-continental subduction occurs when an oceanic plate dives below a continental plate. A transform boundary, sometimes called a strike-slip or conservative boundary, is where the lithospheric plates slide past each other in the horizontal plane. The continental crust has a relatively low density and composition similar to granite. As the continental plates are pulled apart, they create a region of low pressure that melts the lithosphere and draws it upwards. Earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth's rocks.
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